The 10E4 Heparan Sulfate (HS) antibody has been used in pioneering obesity research to quantify its role in the process of intercellular mitochondria transfer to macrophages.
In recent published research, researchers from the Washington University School of Medicine demonstrated that adipose-tissue resident macrophages acquire mitochondria from adjacent adipocytes using HS. This process occurs in healthy conditions but is impaired in obesity.
They have also shown that genetic disruption of mitochondria uptake by macrophages reduces energy expenditure and increases diet-induced obesity in mice, indicating that intercellular mitochondria transfer to macrophages mediates systemic metabolic homeostasis.
Obesity is an increasingly common metabolic disease that affects over 40% of adults and 18% of children and adolescents in the US alone, and is an independent risk factor for the development of many other disorders such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer.
Group head, Professor Jonathan Brestoff, said: “Mitochondria are the power plants of cells, and it has long been assumed that they are made in one cell and never leave. We discovered that is not really the case and found that fat cells give some of their mitochondria to an immune cell type called macrophages.
“In obesity, this transferring of mitochondria between cells goes awry, contributing to faster weight gain and worse metabolism. Using a tool called CRISPR, we screened the entire genome and figured out that cells trade mitochondria using a special type of sugar called heparan sulfate, which we think acts like a loading dock for receiving cargo like mitochondria.
“When we delete heparan sulfates on macrophages, mice get fat. This suggests to us that it is probably good for cells to trade mitochondria with each other. Our team is now trying to figure out how this mysterious and surprising process of mitochondria transfer works because we believe we can harness this biology to treat some human diseases.”
Postdoctoral fellow Dr Wentong Jia added: “The cell surface expression of heparan sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan required for mitochondria uptake in macrophages, depends on a key glycosyltransferase named EXT1. The 10E4 antibody from AMSBIO has helped us verify that we’ve successfully prevented Heparan Sulfate from being synthesised in cells that lack EXT1.”
“I find it fascinating that cells use heparan sulfates to take up mitochondria,” says Rocky Giwa, a PhD candidate in the Brestoff Lab. “I wonder if there’s a correlation between the amount or composition of heparan sulfates and a cell’s ability to efficiently take up mitochondria from other cells. Since the various HS antibodies have unique specificities, the different clones can help us start to attack that question.”
Heparan sulfate is a highly sulfated polysaccharide, synthesised as the glycosaminoglycan component of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), that is widely distributed on cell surfaces and basement membranes in mammals. It participates in important biological processes due to it displaying specific interactions with many biologically active proteins.
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